Family violence affects the brains of children in much the same way as combat affects soldiers, according to a recent study. The research found that chronic stress in children’s lives affects their stress response systems, in particular, two specific areas of the brain, the amygdala and the anterior insula (AI).
Our body and brain are designed to recognize and react to threats to our well being. This is an important capacity to increase our survival in adverse circumstances. But what happens when these alarm and response systems become over-sensitized as a result of chronic, or long-term stress?
Even when these children showed no outward signs of unusual levels of depression or anxiety, studies of their brain activity showed that their systems were in a vigilant gear and overly reactive to perceived threats.
The amygdala is the part of the brain that is involved in emotional responses, memory, anticipation of and preparation for stress. Along with the AI, it is part of a neural network that anticipates pain and uses emotional, sensory, and bodily input to help the body and mind to protect itself from potential harm. While vigilance and self-protection are important survival skills, chronically-activated stress circuits can predispose a person to behavioral and mental health problems, particularly Anxiety.
But it is not just the brains of those exhibiting the symptoms of PTSD that are affected. Neurologic examinations have shown that even soldiers returning from combat zones who appear emotionally normal have amygdalas that are unusually reactive – ready for trouble and ready to react – if they are threatened.
A recent study published in Current Biology showed that children who were exposed to family violence showed changes in the reactivity of their amygdalas and AIs that were similar to those seen in soldiers returning from combat. Even when these children showed no outward signs of unusual levels of depression or anxiety, studies of their brain activity showed that their systems were in a vigilant gear and overly reactive to perceived threats.
Twenty children who had been exposed to family violence and 20 control-matched peers were shown pictures of angry, sad, or neutral faces. The children all had normal outward levels of anxiety and depression. Their neurological response to the pictures were measured by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). When viewing the angry faces, the children who had been exposed to family violence showed a greater level of activation of the amygdala and AI regions compared to controls. They did not overreact to the sad or neutral faces. The degrees of activation mirrored the severity of the violence exposure they had experienced; the more violence in their lives, the stronger the neurological response in the brain’s stress regions.
The researchers concluded that children who have been exposed to family violence, even if they are not showing overt symptoms, have a heightened neural responsiveness to stress. The authors point out that this may be a beneficial adaptation on the short term to a threatening environment but it may pose problems in the long term.
When the neurologic pathways involved in the stress response are overactive from daily life stressors, this chronic stimulation also renders the stress response more volatile and perhaps more extreme than is appropriate to the level of threat.
The researchers suggest this excessive neural responsiveness to stress may negatively impact a child’s development in several ways. When a child is devoting the majority of his or her cognitive and emotional energy dealing with real or perceived threats, he or she has less time and mental energy to take on age appropriate challenges and to develop age appropriate social and thinking skills.
Simply put, it’s much harder to play imaginatively when you are worried all the time.
When the neurologic pathways involved in the stress response are overactive from daily life stressors, this chronic stimulation also renders the stress response more volatile and perhaps more extreme than is appropriate to the level of threat. These children may rapidly escalate their physical and emotional response in a way that is not in proportion to the situation. And finally, children who perceive a threat and have over activated stress responses may react by being aggressive towards others to protect themselves. This reactive aggression is a maladaptive response that may cause behavioral difficulties in social, academic, and home settings.
The researchers propose that the underlying mechanism is a recalibration of the system and increase the child's risk for anxiety disorders. This study adds to the extensive literature on the impact of stress on the body’s neural pathways and proposes some ways that self-protective coping mechanisms can have short term benefits but long term risks. It suggests that even children who appear to be functioning appropriately, who have been exposed to stressful situations, should be monitored for the development of anxiety disorders and other psychopathologies. The study underscores the profound need for the identification and intervention in the vicious cycle of family violence.
